Facial Clinimetric Evaluation Scale and Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire Translation into Brazilian Portuguese: A Validation Study

Abstract Introduction Facial nerve palsy results in both functional disability and psychological morbidity. There are several well-established grading scales to quantify the quality of life of these patients. Objective Translate and validate the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) scale and Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) to Brazilian Portuguese. Methods This study adopted a forward-backward translation method and performed cross-cultural adaptation. A pilot study was conducted to correct any confusing language and to evaluate content validity. A validation study was then performed. Internal consistency of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the FaCE and SAQ items was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed by Spear- man's Rank Correlation Coefficient between FaCE and SAQ scores to eFACE, House- Brackmann, Short Form 12 (SF-12) and Facial Disability Index (FDI) (sub)scores. Results A total of 90 patients were included. Cronbach's alpha for total domain scored 0.881 for FaCE and 0.809 for SAQ. FaCE total score correlation to eFACE total and House- Brackmann showed Spearman's r value of 0.537 and -0.538, respectively (p < 0.001). SAQ correlation to eFACE synkinesis subdomain was -0.449 (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between SAQ and HB score. FaCE total score correlations were of 0.301 and 0.547 for SF-12 PCS and MCS, respectively (p < 0.001). Correlation between FaCE total and FDI Physical and Social/well-being functions were 0.498 and 0.567 (p < 0.001). Conclusion Brazilian Portuguese FaCE scale and SAQ versions achieved high validity and reliability in the present study. These translated instruments demonstrated good psychometric properties, being proper to use in clinical practice in Brazil and with Brazilian Portuguese speakers.

Treatment and Prognosis of Facial Palsy on Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: Results Based on a Review of the Literature

Abstract Introduction Ramsay Hunt syndrome is the second most common cause of facial palsy. Early and correct treatment should be performed to avoid complications, such as permanent facial nerve dysfunction. Objective The objective of this study is to review the prognosis of the facial palsy on Ramsay Hunt syndrome, considering the different treatments proposed in the literature. Data Synthesis We read the abstract of 78 studies; we selected 31 studies and read them in full. We selected 19 studies for appraisal. Among the 882 selected patients, 621 (70.4%) achieved a House-Brackmann score of I or II; 68% of the patients treated only with steroids achieved HB I or II, versus 70.5% when treated with steroids plus antiviral agents. Among patients with complete facial palsy (grades V or VI), 51.4% recovered to grades I or II. The rate of complete recovery varied considering the steroid associated with acyclovir: 81.3% for methylprednisolone, 69.2% for prednisone; 61.4% for prednisolone; and 76.3% for hydrocortisone. Conclusions Patients with Ramsay-hunt syndrome, when early diagnosed and treated, achieve high rates of complete recovery. The association of steroids and acyclovir is better than steroids used in monotherapy.

Tibial and fibular nerves evaluation using intraoperative electromyography in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate a new model of intraoperative electromyographic (EMG) assessment of the tibial and fibular nerves, and its respectives motor units in rats. METHODS: Eight Wistar rats underwent intraoperative EMG on both hind limbs at two different moments: week 0 and week 12. Supramaximal electrical stimulation applied on sciatic nerve, and compound muscle action potential recorded on the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDLM) through electrodes at specifics points. Motor function assessment was performaced through Walking Track Test. RESULTS: Exposing the muscles and nerves for examination did not alter tibial (p=0.918) or fibular (p=0.877) function between the evaluation moments. Electromyography of the GM, innervated by the tibial nerve, revealed similar amplitude (p=0.069) and latency (p=0.256) at week 0 and at 12 weeks, creating a standard of normality. Meanwhile, electromyography of the EDLM, innervated by the fibular nerve, showed significant differences between the amplitudes (p=0.003) and latencies (p=0.021) at the two different moments of observation. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative electromyography determined and quantified gastrocnemius muscle motor unit integrity, innervated by tibial nerve. Although this study was not useful to, objectively, assess extensor digitorum longus muscle motor unit, innervated by fibular nerve.

Mandibular Branch of the Facial Nerve in Wistar Rats: New Experimental Model to Assess Facial Nerve Regeneration

Introduction: The ideal animal model for nerve regeneration studies is the object of controversy, because all models described by the literature have advantages and disadvantages. Objective: To describe the histologic and functional patterns of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of Wistar rats to create a new experimental model of facial nerve regeneration. Methods: Forty-two male rats were submitted to a nerve conduction test of the mandibular branch to obtain the compound muscle action potential. Twelve of these rats had the mandibular branch surgically removed and submitted to histologic analysis (number, partial density, and axonal diameter) of the proximal and distal segments. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the functional and histologic variables studied. Conclusion: These new histologic and functional standards of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats establish an objective, easy, and greatly reproducible model for future facial nerve regeneration studies...

Quantitative histological analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats / Análise histológica quantitativa do ramo mandibular do nervo facial em ratos

PURPOSE: To establish a model to quantitative histological analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats. METHODS: Eleven Wistar rats had their right and left mandibular branches of the facial nerve surgically removed and were sacrificed afterwards. Quantitative histological analysis was performed with: a) partial number of axons; b) partial area of the transversal cut of the nerve (9000μm²); c) partial density. The averages of partial density were obtained. The statistical study was established by Wilcoxon test (p=0.05). RESULTS: In relation to density of axons, comparison between sides shows no statistically significant difference (p=0.248; p=0.533). Mean partial density of distal and proximal samples was, respectively, 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.19 ± 0.02 axons/μm². Comparison between proximal and distal samples shows no statistically significant difference (p=0.859; p=0.182). CONCLUSION: This study has successfully established a model to histological quantitative analysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve in rats.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo para análise histológica quantitativa do ramo mandibular do nervo facial de ratos. MÉTODOS: Onze ratos Wistar tiveram os ramos mandibulares de seus nervos faciais direito e esquerdo removidos cirurgicamente, e submetidos à análise histológica quantitativa de suas regiões proximal e distal com: a) contagem total do número de axônios, b) medida da área parcial (9000μm²) de corte transversal do nervo, c) cálculo de densidade parcial (DP). RESULTADOS: Em relação à densidade dos axônios, a comparação entre os lados não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,248; p=0,533). A densidade parcial média das amostras distais e proximais foi, respectivamente, 0,18 ± 0,02 e 0,19 ± 0,02 axônios/μm². A comparação entre as amostras proximais e distais não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,859; p=0,182). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo estabeleceu com sucesso um modelo de análise histológica quantitativa do ramo mandibular do nervo facial em ratos.

Avaliação eletromiográfica e ultrassonográfica do músculo masseter em indivíduos com paralisia facial periférica unilateral / Electromyographic and ultrasonographic evaluation of the masseter muscle individuals with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis

INTRODUÇÃO: Indivíduos com paralisia facial (PF) periférica têm condições que induzem à mastigação unilateral, realizada pelo lado não afetado, principalmente pela dificuldade de ação do músculo bucinador. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o controle motor e a morfologia do músculo masseter em indivíduos com PF periférica unilateral, através da avaliação eletromiográfica e ultrassonográfica. MÉTODO: 16 participantes, de ambos os gêneros, com idade superior a 18 anos. O grupo pesquisa (GP) foi constituído de oito indivíduos com PF periférica unilateral idiopática a mais de seis meses; e o grupo controle (GC) por oito indivíduos normais. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos à avaliação do músculo masseter através da Eletromiografia de Superfície (EMGs) e da Ultrassonografia (USG), nas seguintes tarefas: repouso, apertamento dentário com rolete de algodão entre os dentes (AL) e apertamento dentário com máxima intercuspidação dentária (MIC). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas comparações intra e inter grupos quanto à assimetria entre as hemifaces, tanto para a EMGs quanto para a USG. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre a ativação dos músculos mastigatórios (masseter e temporal) na EMGs. CONCLUSÃO: O controle motor e a morfologia dos músculos masseteres em indivíduos com PF periférica unilateral apresentam-se de forma semelhante aos indivíduos normais. Apesar da literatura sugerir que a demanda das adaptações funcionais realizadas por indivíduos com PF poderiam exceder a tolerância estrutural e funcional das articulações temporomandibulares, os resultados encontrados indicam que o tempo da PF dos pacientes estudados não foi suficiente para gerar diferenças anatômicas e fisiológicas nos músculos mastigatórios.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with peripheral Facial Paralysis (FP) show conditions that lead to unilateral mastication, performed by the non-affected side, mainly due to the difficulty of action of the buccinator muscle. OBJECTIVES: characterize the motor control and morphology of the masseter muscle in individuals with unilateral peripheral FP through electromyographic and ultrasonographic evaluation. METHOD: 16 participants, of both sexes, with ages superior to 18 years old. The study group (SG) consisted of 8 individuals who'd had idiopathic unilateral peripheral FP for more than 6 months; the control group (CG) consisted of 8 normal individuals. All the subjects were submitted to the masseter muscle evaluation through surface electromyography (sEMG) and ultrasonography (USG) during the following tasks: rest, clenching with cotton roller between the teeth (CT) and clenching with maximum intercuspation (MIC). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in comparisons within and between the groups concerning the hemifacial asymmetry, both for the sEMG and for the USG. Also there were no significant differences in the activation of the masticatory muscles (masseter and temporal) in the sEMG. CONCLUSIONS: Both the motor control and the morphology of the masseter muscles in individuals with unilateral peripheral FP were similar to those of normal individuals. Although literature suggests that the demand of functional adaptations made by FP individuals could exceed the structural and functional tolerance of the temporomandibular joints, the results indicate that the length of analyzed patient's FP was not enough to generate anatomical and physiological differences in the masticatory muscles.

Surdez súbita causada por hemorragia intralabiríntica / Sudden hearing loss caused by labyrinthine hemorrhage

A surdez súbita sensorioneural é uma perda auditiva súbita ou rapidamente progressiva. Na maioria dos casos a etiologia não é descoberta. Uma das causas possíveis de surdez súbita é a hemorragia intralabiríntica que, antes do surgimento da ressonância magnética, não era corretamente diagnosticada. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de surdez súbita causada por hemorragia intralabiríntica e realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre este assunto.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is relatively frequent. In most cases, the etiology is not discovered. One of the possible causes for sudden deafness is inner labyrinth bleeding, which was difficult to diagnose before the advent of magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of sudden hearing loss caused by a labyrinthine hemorrhage, and to present a review of the literature on this topic.

O uso de cola de fibrina humana na anastomose de lesões traumáticas parciais do nervo facial / The use of human fibrin glue in the anastomosis of partial traumatic injuries of the facial nerve

Introdução: O uso de cola de fibrina humana na anastomose do nervo facial tem se mostrado uma opção bastante segura e rápida para os cirurgiões. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso da cola de fibrina humana na realização de anastomose do nervo facial em uma série de 42 pacientes que sofreram lesão parcial do nervo facial no segmento intratemporal e foram tratados por três diferentes técnicas de anastomose. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 42 pacientes apresentavam lesão parcial no segmento intratemporal do nervo facial o qual as anastomoses foram fixadas com cola de fibrina humana. Dividiu-os em 3 grupos: interposição de enxerto parcial na parte lesada do nervo(Grupo 1=12 pacientes); manter a parte preservada e realizar tubolização (Grupo 2= 8 pacientes); seccionar as partes do nervo lesionado (proximal e distal) e interpor enxerto total de nervo sural(Grupo3 =22 pacientes). Resultados: Pacientes com resultado menor ou igual a III na escala House-Brackmann somaram 8,3% (1) no grupo 1, 0,0% (0) no grupo 2 e 68.2% (15) no grupo 3 (p<0.001). Discussão: Ainda existe controvérsia quanto a melhor técnica cirúrgica no tratamento da lesão parcial do nervo facial. O uso da cola de fibrina tem mostrado resultados semelhantes a sutura com pontos. Conclusões: O uso de cola de fibrina humana mostrou ser eficaz na realização destes três tipos diferentes de anastomose do nervo facial sendo que nesta série de 42 pacientes, os indivíduos do grupo 3 (enxerto total) tiveram melhores resultados estatisticamente comprovados se compararmos aos dos grupos 1 (reconstrução parcial) e 2 (tubolização).

Introduction: The use of human fibrin glue in anastomosis of the facial nerve have been an option rather safe and quick for surgeons. Objective: To evaluate the use of the glue of human fibrin glue in the anastomosis of the facial nerve in a series of 42 patients who had suffered partial injury from the facial nerve in the intratemporal segment and they had been treated by three different techniques of anastomosis. Method: A retrospective study on 42 patients who presented partial lesion on intratemporal segment of facial nerve. Patients were divided into three groups: interposition of partial graft on the injured area of the nerve (group 1 - 12 patients); to keep the preserved part and perform tubulization (group 2 - 8 patients); to divide parts of injured nerve (proximal and distal) and place total graft of sural nerve (group 3 - 22 patients). Results: Results lower or equal III on House-Brackmann scale were: 1 (8.3%) patient on group 1; 0 (0.0%) patient on group 2 and 15 (68.2%) of patients on group 3 (p>0.001). Discussion: The best surgery technique for partial lesion therapy of facial nerve is still questionable. The use of the fibrin glue has shown resulted similar to the suture with points. Conclusion: The use The use of human fibrin glue showed to be efficient in the accomplishment of these three different anastomosis types of the facial nerve. Among these 42 patients, the best achieved results were from total graft of facial nerve when comparing to others.

Papiloma invertido bilateral: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Bilateral inverted papilloma: case report and literature review

O papiloma invertido é um raro tumor nasossinusal benigno e unilateral. As manifestações clínicas são inespecíficas, como obstrução nasal unilateral, rinorréia, epistaxe, hiposmia e cefaléia. O diagnóstico é realizado por meio de anamnese detalhada, exame otorrinolaringológico e exames complementares. A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética são exames fundamentais na elucidação diagnóstica, no tratamento e no acompanhamento do paciente. O tratamento é essencialmente cirúrgico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de papiloma invertido bilateral e realizar uma revisão da literatura.

The inverted papilloma is an uncommon unilateral nasosinusal benign tumor. The clinical picture presents nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as unilateral nasal obstruction, anosmia and headache. The diagnosis is established by anamnesis, physical exam, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment is essentially surgical. This report has the objective of presenting an uncommon bilateral inverted nasal papilloma and making a literature review.

Otosclerose infantil: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Pediatric otosclerosis: case report and literature review

A otospongiose é uma osteodistrofia do osso temporal caracterizada pela reabsorção e neoformação óssea desordenada. Clinicamente, caracteriza-se por disacusia condutiva, neurossensorial, e/ou mista, progressiva e zumbidos. O início dos sintomas ocorre entre 30 e 40 anos de idade sendo rara sua manifestação na infância. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente de 11 anos de idade, com quadro de hipoacusia unilateral progressiva há 5 anos. O exame otorrinolaringológico revelou mancha rubra de Schwartze em orelha esquerda. A audiometria, imitanciometria e a tomografia computadorizada demonstraram características sugestivas de otospongiose. Realizamos uma revisão dos aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e da conduta terapêutica da otospongiose na infância.

Otospongiosis is an osteodystrophy of the temporal bone, characterized by disordered neoformation and deposition of bone, characterized by the presence of a progressive conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss and tinnitus. Typically, otospongiosis presents as a slowly progressive conductive hearing loss in the third to fourth decade of life. Uncommonly children and adolescents may also have conductive or sensorineural hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. We describe a case of an 11-year-old patient, with progressive unilateral conductive hearing loss for 5 years. The otoscopic examination revealed a positive Schwartz's sign in the left ear. Audiometry, impedanciometry and CT scan showed characteristics that suggested otospongiosis. We reviewed clinical aspects, diagnosis and the therapeutic approach for otospongiosis in children.

Tesoura curva ultrasônica na realização de amigdalectomia: ensaio clínico comparativo entre esta nova técnica cirúrgica e a técnica com bisturi de lâmina fria / Ultrasonic curvel shears in tonsillectomy: comparative clinical trial between this new surgical technique and the technique with the cold blade bistouri

Tonsilectomia é a cirurgia de maior frequência na clínica otorrinolaringológica, entretanto, são poucos os estudos voltados a estabelecer a melhor técnica para esse tipo de operação. o bisturi ultracision começou a ser usado na otorrinolaringologia em 1999 e atua promovendo corte e coagulação...

Tonsillectomy is the most common surgical procedure in otolaryngology, however there are few efforts addresses to establish the best surgical technique...

Lesões parciais no segmento intratemporal do nervo facial: enxerto total ou reconstrução parcial? / Partial lesions of the intratemporal segment of the facial nerve graft or partial reconstruction?

Traumas na região de cabeça e pescoço podem produzir lesões parciais no segmento intratemporal do nervo facial. Quando isto ocorre, o cirurgião deve optar no intra-operatório pela reconstrução parcial ou eliminar o segmento parcialmente lesado e interpor um enxerto?...

In cases of partial lesions on intratemporal segment of facial nerve, should surgeon chose intraoperative way for partial reconstruction or partially remove injured segment of facial nerve...